Everything+Southeast+Asia



  Kingdoms of Southeast Asia //Geography of Southeast Asia //  >> >>  //Influence of India and China //   > >  //The Khmer Empire //   media type="youtube" key="2ml9muxvkXw" height="344" width="425"  //<span style="font-size: 160%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Island Trading Kingdoms //<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);"> > > >
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Spreads from Asia to Australia
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Made up of two main parts
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(239, 42, 68); line-height: 29px;">**Indochina**- Mainland Peninsula
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(239, 42, 68); line-height: 29px;">borders China to the north and India to the west
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">The Islands- The largest include: Sumatra, Borneo, and Java
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Climate: Tropical, Warm, Humid
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Heavy seasonal rains due to Monsoon winds [[image:2067278774_e621ee2b7d.jpg align="center" caption="Effects of a monsoon"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Control of trade routes and harbors
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Between Indian Ocean and the South China Sea
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Two important water ways connect the two seas
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">The Strait of Malacca
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">The Sunda Strait
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Hindu and Buddhist missionaries spread their: faiths, art forms, languages, and religions [[image:300px-Cultural_expansion_of_Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia.png width="360" height="265" align="center" caption="Spread of Hinduism"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Chinese ideas and cultures expanded to Southeast Asia through trade
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Cambodia: present day Khmer Empire
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">800s Khmer created an empire by conquering neighboring kingdoms
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Capital: **Angkor**
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">**Angkor Wat-** world's greatest architectural achievement
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">reflected strong Indian influence
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">1200- peak of power
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">improved rice cultivation and advanced irrigation systems and waterways
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Three or four crops of rice grown per year
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Strong, powerful kingdoms arose on Southeast Asia's islands
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">**Sailendra**: dynasty which ruled an agricultural kingdom on the island of Java <span style="font-size: 208%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">[[image:13123-004-43244F7A.jpg width="493" height="329" align="center" caption="Sailendra Dynasty"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 169%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">800s the Buddhist temple at Borobudur was built
 * <span style="font-size: 22px; color: rgb(239, 42, 68); line-height: 32px;">reflected strong Indian influence <span style="font-size: 169%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">[[image:photo_lg_indonesia.jpg width="535" height="356" caption="Buddhist temple at Borobudur"]]

//<span style="font-size: 228%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23); font-style: normal;">Imperialism in Southeast Asia <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);"> // //<span style="font-size: 160%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Dutch Expand Control // <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Srivijaya Empire overtook the Sailendra dynasty
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Capital: **Palembang**
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Center for Buddhist learning
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Chinese monks studied t <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 52, 52);">h <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">ere
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Controlled the Strait of Malacca and surrounding waters
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(239, 42, 68);">Grew wealthy by taxing trade that past through waters

> > > //<span style="font-size: 170%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">British Take the Malayan Peninsula // <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);"> >> >> >> <span style="font-size: 26px; color: rgb(45, 196, 23); line-height: 19px; font-style: normal;"> //<span style="font-size: 160%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">French Control Indochina // <span style="font-size: 26px; color: rgb(45, 196, 23); line-height: 19px; font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);"> > > <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);"> <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);"> //<span style="font-size: 160%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Colonial Impact // <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">18th century- the Dutch East India Company gained control over most of the Indonesian islands
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Reasons to take over:
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Perfect for plantation agriculture
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Grew sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber ,coconuts, bananas, and pineapple
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">British East India Company gained control of Malacca from Portuguese
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Fought for Java from its control of the British and the Javanese [[image:java-island-satellite.jpg width="500" height="290" align="center" caption="Satellite of Java Island"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Dutch spread control to Sumatra, part of Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(45, 196, 23); line-height: 29px;">WHY? - discovery of oil and desire for an excess number of rubber plantations
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">**Dutch East Indies**- the whole island chain of Indonesia controlled by the Dutch
 * <span style="font-size: 21px; color: rgb(45, 196, 23); line-height: 31px;">began to create a rigid social system <span style="font-size: 192%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">[[image:pyr..png]]
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">The British found harbor on Singapore, to compete with the Dutch for trading
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Singapore was one of the world's busiest ports
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(45, 196, 23); line-height: 29px;">WHY? large demand for tin and rubber and the opening of the Suez Canal
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">British gain control of the colonies in Malaysia and in Burma (Myanmar)
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">**Malaysia**: large amount of tin and is the world's leading rubber exporter
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Chinese forced to migrate to Malaysia by the british
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Malaysians became minority in own country
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Conflict arose between the two and was never resolved [[image:Sumatra_Malaysian_peninsula_Kerinci.jpg align="center"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">1840s - the French added Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(45, 196, 23); line-height: 29px;">WHY? 7 French missionaries were killed and emperor Napoleon III asked the French to invade southern Vietnam
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(45, 196, 23); font-style: normal;">Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam combined are known as **French Indochina**
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">rice decreased for the peasants and caused Vietnamese resistance against the French


 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Southeast Asia's economies grew
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(45, 196, 23); line-height: 29px;">WHY? due to cash crops and the mines
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(45, 196, 23);">Southeast Asia became a melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists

<span style="font-size: 35px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Independence <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> //<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Siam (Present day Thailand) Remains Independent // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> > > > > > <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> //<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The Philippines // <span style="font-size: 28px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 26px;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> > > > <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1995- Philippines recovered $475 million that Marco had stolen <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">
 * <span style="font-size: 22px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 33px;">Lies between Burma, controlled by Britain, and French Indochina
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Siam tries to remain a neutral zone between powerful Britain and France
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px; font-style: normal;">**King Mongkut** and son, **Chulalongkorn**, guided the modernization of Siam <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px; font-style: normal;">[[image:mongkut2.jpg width="249" height="456" align="center" caption="King Mongkut and Prince Chulalongkorn"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">started schools, reformed legal systems, and reorganized the government
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Infrastructure: new railroads,and telegraph system
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Slavery was ended due to modernization
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The U.S. won the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The Filipino nationalists angered by change of control, from the Spanish to the Americans
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px; font-style: normal;">Leader of the Filipino nationalists**: Emilio Aguinaldo**
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">wanted independence
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">established the Philippine Republic [[image:1191603566-philippines_seal_logo.gif width="325" height="358" caption="Logo of Philippine Republic "]]
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">**1902**- the U.S. won against the Filipino nationalists
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">U.S. promised the Philippines would be prepared for self-rule
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The U.S. built roads, rail roads, hospitals, and schools
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Businessmen encouraged the growth of cash crops ===> led to food shortages for the Filipinos
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The Philippines became the first of the world's colonies to achieve independence following WWII
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">**July 4, 1946**- the U.S. allowed the Philippines independence
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">The Filipinos wanted to rebuild the economy and restore the capital, **Manila**, which was damaged in WWII <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">[[image:philippines.manila.jpg width="310" height="468" align="center"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**Bell Act-** gave money to the Philippines and free trade to the U.S. for eight years with tariffs
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">99-year lease, on military and naval bases in the Philippines, was demanded by the U.S.
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">WHY? the U.S. wanted to maintain its military presence in the Philippines
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">** 1965- Ferdinand Marcos** was elected president of the Philippines
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">imposed an authoritarian regime and stole millions of dollars from the public treasury
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Chief opponent, Benigno Aquino, Jr., was assassinate
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1986- **Corazon Aquino** challenged Marcos in the elections
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Aquino won and Marcos was forced to exile in Hawaii because he declared himself winner
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Under Aquino- new constitution
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">U.S. ended the lease on the military bases

//<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">The Philippines After Independence // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Southern part of the country is made up of Muslims, known as the **Moros**
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1970s- the **Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)** began an armed struggle to gain independence from Philippine rule
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1996- the Moros were granted autonomous region in the southern Philippines
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The agreement did not satisfy the splinter group of the MNLF called **Abu Sayyaf**
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">These rebels used terror to achieve goals
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">2002- they kidnapped 20 people
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Current Philippines president: **Gloria Macapagal Arroyo**
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">launched military response to the Moros
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">U.S. provided military assistance <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">[[image:gloria-macapagal-arroyo2001-500.jpg width="300" height="369" caption="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo"]]

//<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Vietnam // <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> > > > > > > > > > > > > >
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1900s- France controlled most of Southeast Asia
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**Ho Chi Minh**, a young Vietnamese nationalist
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">asked the communists for help
 * <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px; font-style: normal;">[[image:3207829.jpg width="290" height="360" align="center" caption="Ho Chi Minh"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Ho's Indochinese Communist party led revolts against the French
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">The Vietnamese were jailed
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Ho and other nationalists founded the **Vietminh** (Independence) League
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**The Anti-Colonial War** (1946-1954)
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Vietminh (communists) against the French

//<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Vietnamese War (1959-1975) // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> >> >> >> >> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> //<span style="font-size: 160%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The United States Gets Involved // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> <span style="font-size: 21px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 26px;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> >> >> >> > > > //<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Vietnam After the War // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> > > > <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> //<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Cambodia (Kampuchea) // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">During the Cold war
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">**Domino Theory-** the Southeast Asian nations were like a row of dominos, the fall of one to communism will lead to the fall of its neighbors
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">**Geneva Conference**- divided Vietnam
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**17th parallel** divides North and South Vietnam <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); text-align: left;">North: communist led by Ho Chi Minh, the Soviet Union, and People's Republic of China
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); text-align: left;">**Vietminh** - north vietnamese communist guerillas
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); text-align: left;">South: was non-communist led by **Ngo Dinh Diem** and the U.S., after the french withdrew
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); text-align: left;">**Vietcong -** south vietnamese communist guerillas
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); text-align: left;">U.S. technology was not as effective in this war
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 30px;">WHY? the Vietnamese jungle
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); text-align: left;">First televised war <span style="display: block; font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px; text-align: center;">media type="youtube" key="S-0MnIKCuII" height="344" width="425"
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">August 1964- North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The Congress authorized the President to send U.S. troops to fight in Vietnam
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1968- half a million U.S. soldiers in combat
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">U.S. turned to air power, bombing millions of acres of farm land and forests [[image:bombing-north-vietnam.jpg align="center" caption="Bombing of Vietnam"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Peasants oppositions to the South Vietnamese government strengthened
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 29px;">WHY? The bombing
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1969- President **Richard Nixon** withdrew U.S. troops from Vietnam
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Nixon called for **Vietnamization-** allowed for U.S. troops to gradually pull out, while the South Vietnamese increased their combat rule
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Nixon used a massive bombing campaign against North Vietnamese bases and authorized bombings in neighboring Laos and Cambodia to destroy Vietcong hiding places
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1973- Vietnam was cleared of all U.S. troop
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1975 - Vietnamese War ended with 58,000 dead U.S. soldiers and 1.5 Vietnamese killed <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">[[image:Anti-War_Cartoon_Vietnam_War_01.99.jpg align="center"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 19px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 26px;">1975- North Vietnam had strict control over the South
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Officials sent thousands of people to "**reeducation camps**" for training in Communist thought
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Business was strictly controlled
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">North Vietnamese renamed South's former capital, Saigon to **Ho Chi Minh City** <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">[[image:Ho_Chi_Minh_City.JPG width="530" height="392" align="center" caption="Ho Chi Minh City"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Most people fled Vietnam and survivors of the escape spent months in refugee camps in Southeast Asia
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1995- the U.S. normalized relations with Vietnam



<span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> > > > <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> //<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">British Colonies Gain Independence // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">**Pol Pot**
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1962- became leader of Cambodian Communist Party and forced to flee to jungle to escape President Norodom Sihanouk, leader of Cambodia
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1975- **Khmer Rouge** was set up, communist rebels who set up a brutal Communist government
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1975 to 1979- Pol Pot
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**Goal:** forced city laborers to work on collective farms to reach goal of "restarting civilization"
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**Results:** slaughtered 2 million people (almost one quarter of nations population) due to starvation, execution, and beatings
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">WHY? to reinforce a Communist society in Cambodia
 * <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">[[image:pol-pot1.jpg align="center"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1978- Vietnamese invaded Cambodia and overthrew the Khmer Rouge
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">introduced a less repressive government
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1989-Vietnam withdrew
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1993- Cambodia introduced a democratic constitution and held free elections under UN peacekeepers



<span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> >> >> >>
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Burma wanted independence from Britain
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1948- became a sovereign republic
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1989 -Burma named **Myanmar**
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Burma struggled between repressive military governments, pro-democracy forces, and conflict among Communists and ethnic minorities
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1988- **Aung San Suu Kyi,** daughter of Aung Sun a leader of the Burmese nationalist's army <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">[[image:suukyi1.jpg width="290" height="351" align="center"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Aung San Suu Kyi was active the **National League of Democracy**
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1991- won Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to establish democracy in Myanmar
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">For democratic practice, the military government placed her under house arrest multiple times
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1995 released from house arrest but placed under house arrest again in 2000

//<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Malaysia and Singapore // <span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">



<span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> > > > <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> //<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Indonesia gains Independence from the Dutch // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px; font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px; font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> > > > > > > <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;"> //<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">East Timor // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">The Japanese conquered the **Malay Peninsula** during WWII, which was originally owned by the British
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1945- British return to the peninsula
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">British tried to organize the people of Malaysia into one state and tried to stop the Communism uprising
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Ethnic groups resisted the British efforts
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Malays were a slight majority
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Chinese were the largest group on the southern tip, the island of Singapore
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1957- the **Federation of Malaya** from Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah was created
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1965- Singapore separated from the federation and was known as an independent city-state
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**Malaysia** formed from the federation consisting of Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah [[image:malaysianflag.jpg align="center" caption="Malaysian Flag"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Steady economic progress in Malaysia was a result of a coalition of many ethnic groups
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The Dutch ruled **Indonesia**
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">It fell when Japanese conquered the region and destroyed the Dutch colonial order as WWII was starting
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Indonesian people strived for a free nation when war finished
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">**Sukarno-** led an effort to establish an independent Indonesia
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1945- Sukarno proclaimed Indonesia's independence and called himself president
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">1949- the UN and U.S. and granted Indonesia its freedom [[image:screen-capture-15.png align="center"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">The independent Indonesia became the world's fourth most populous nation, consisting of 300 different ethnic groups, 250 languages and several different religions, containing the world's largest Islamic population
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Sukarno, took the official title of "**life-time president**"
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 29px;">attempted a parliamentary democracy
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 29px;">Economy fell and nation slid rapidly
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(233, 153, 43);">Banks refused to lend money to Indonesia and inflation occurred to one thousand percent
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">** 1965- Suharto**, a general, put down the group of junior army officers, who attempted a coup <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">[[image:sukarnosuharto.jpg align="center" caption="Sukarno and Saharto"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Seized power for himself
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">500,000 to 1,000,000 Indonesians were killed
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1967- Suharto became president
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">turned Indonesia into a police state and imposed frequent periods of martial law
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1976- annexed East Timor
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">human violations
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">government had little tolerance for religious freedoms
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1997-1998- suffered one of the worst financial crises
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**Effects:** Suharto stepped down from power in 1998
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">2001- Sukarno's daughter, **Megawati Sukarnoputri**, elected president
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">She hailed the virtues of democracies
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Urged Indonesians to do what they could to maintain a democracy
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">Faced still-fragile economy, ethnic strife, security problems, and corruption

//<span style="font-size: 42px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244); font-style: normal;">Changing Times in Southeast Asia <span style="font-size: 26px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);"> Transportation // <span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244); line-height: 26px;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);"> > > > //<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">Housing // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">1970s- Indonesian forces had ruled East Timor with brutal force since Suharto seized it
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**Jose Ramos Horta-** East Timorese independence campaigner
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">won the 1996 Noble Peace Prize for efforts to gain independence for East Timor without using violence
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">August 1999- the United Nations-sponsored referendum
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">the East Timorese voted for independence
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">angered the pro-Indonesian forces
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">ignored the referendum results
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">**Effects:** bloody rampage killing hundreds, forced thousands into refugee camps in West Timor
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(233, 153, 43); line-height: 24px;">2002- The UN intervention forces brought peace to the area, East Timor celebrated its freedom
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">In rural Thailand, the **water buffalo-drawn cart** was a past mode of transportation
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">Today, in Bangkok, Thailand, there are very different forms of transportation, including: cars, motorcycles and public buses <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">[[image:bangkok_rush_hour.jpg align="center" caption="Bangkok, Thailand"]]

> > > //<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">Economics // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">In Jakarta, Indonesia, the luxury apartment building towers over the shabby and polluted slum of Muarabaru [[image:340x.jpg align="center" caption="Jakarta, Indonesia"]]

<span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);"> //<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">Markets // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244); line-height: 26px;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">The gap between rich and poor remains an issue
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">The **Asian Tigers** consist of Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">These nations have experienced rapid economic growth and prosperity due to industrialization, and were aligned both politically, and economically with the West throughout the Cold War
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">Modern convenience stores, with prepackaged foods like this street-side store in Vietnam
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244); line-height: 30px;">Replaced floating markets of Thailand

//<span style="font-size: 25px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">Singapore // <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244); line-height: 26px;"> <span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);"> > > > > > >
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">one of the busiest ports in the world
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">1959 to 1990- **Lee Kuan Yew** ruled as prime minister of Singapore [[image:Lee_Kuan_Yew_-_the_man_and_his_ideas.jpg align="center"]]
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">Singapore emerged as a banking center and a center of trade
 * <span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(103, 192, 244);">Singapore was recognized as having the world's strongest economy on the list of the Geneva World Economic Forum

By Alexandra Tramposch and Cara Laban