Everything+Africa+post-1884

  





   After the Scramble for Africa (1870-1914), European countries fought for claims of the African continent    **//The Berlin Conference: //**   <span style="display: block; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">**Who**: Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, and Belgium
 * What**: Meeting of the major European powers to come up with rules for dividing the African Continent
 * When**: 1884-1885
 * Where**: Berlin, Germany
 * Why**: To prevent war between competing nations and to prevent any one imperial power from gaining too much control over the African continent <span style="display: block; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,0,0); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,0,128); text-align: center;">



<span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,0,128); text-align: center;"> //<span style="display: block; font-size: 200%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">**Rules Established:** //


 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Nations must publicly announce claims of territory
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Effectively occupy territory
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Extend control from coast to interior
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Negotiate treaty with local peoples that would constitute a claim to sovereignty
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Agreed traders and missionaries have access to interior
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Agreed Congo and Niger rivers were international waterways
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Christianity should be brought to all Africans
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Destroy slave trade



<span style="display: block; font-size: 125%; color: rgb(140,140,243); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 187.5%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">**//<span style="color: rgb(44,44,252);">How European countries controlled their Territory: //** <span style="display: block; font-size: 125%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">1) **Indirect Rule**- British- native rulers are told what to do by British representatives 2) **Direct Rule**- French- French controlled the colonies (themselves) 3) **Paternalism**- Belgium- treat their Africans as children that need to be disciplined 4) **Assimilation**- Portuguese- making the Africans adopt European culture (language, customs, law, etc.) <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,0,128); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 125%; color: rgb(140,140,243); text-align: center;">

**<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">//<span style="color: rgb(44,44,252);">African Resistance: //

Ethiopian: ** <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">1887 & 1896- Ethiopian army defeated Italians
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Emperor Menelik II created modern state of Ethiopia (including modern military)
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Ethiopia remained independent until 1930s when Benito Mussolini sought revenge and occupied Ethiopia



<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">**<span style="display: block; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Ashanti: **
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Built empire on West Africa's gold coast
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">By early 1800s- covered 150,000 square miles
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Included 3-5 million people
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Strong king & bureaucracy
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Capital- Kumasi- commercial center
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Clashed with British for 75 years
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">1873- full scale attack against Ashanti using modern weaponry and African allies



<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">**<span style="display: block; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Zulu: ** >
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Largest South African group
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Fought with the British
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Leader of Zulu tribe- Shaka Zulu- improved fighting tactics

<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">**//<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(44,44,252);">Effects of European Imperialism: //** <span style="display: block; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 315%; color: rgb(116,22,116); font-family: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 210%; color: rgb(228,98,98); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Improved medicine
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Cash crop agriculture
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Africans were made into tenants instead of tribes
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Taxes increased
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Urban areas- Africans had to work for Europeans
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Europeans imposed their laws, history, and education
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Europeans separated traditional ethnic groups and put together traditional enemies when creating new boundaries
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(44,44,252); text-align: center;">Improved transportation and communication

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<span style="display: block; font-size: 220%; color: rgb(187,7,7); font-family: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">African Independence movements occured throughout the 1950s, 1960s and1970s. One reason behind Africa's desire for independence at this time was WWII. They viewed the imperialistic powers as hypocrites, as they had just finished fighting a war to stop one nation from taking over areas of Europe, while they themselves where guilty of the same thing in Africa.




 * <span style="font-size: 105%; color: rgb(97,35,97);">//<span style="color: rgb(228,98,98);">Ghana: // **


 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Colony of Britain
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Independence date: March 6, 1957
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">First major African country to get independence
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Led by Kwame Nkrumah --- educated in England and was a skilled orator
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Uses his political party- CPP (Convention People's Party) to gain support
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Became Prime minister in 1952 and later President in 1960- 1966
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">After independence, Nkrumah declares CPP sole political party
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">He gave himself all the power; no democracy; people began to fear the government
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Economy worsened
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Corruption in government and military takeovers- several military takeovers (coup d'etat)
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">1966- Present day: run by military







<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 105%; color: rgb(86,31,86); text-align: center;">//<span style="display: block; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Kenya: // **
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Colony of Britain
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Independence: 1963
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Led by Jomo Kenyatta
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Formed political parties in protest
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Kenyatta emerges leader and travels to London to petition for African representation in legislation
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Mau- Mau revolt- bloody uprising
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">After independence- President leads them along a moderate path- encourages land reform and foreign investment
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Sets up a republic





<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">**<span style="display: block; font-size: 105%; color: rgb(128,0,128); text-align: center;">//<span style="display: block; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Congo: // **
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Colony of Belgium
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Independence Date- June 30, 1960
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Led by Patrice Lumumba
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Gained independence through riots against Belgian rule and bloody fighting
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">After independence, they formed a coalition government composed of members of several parties
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Military dictatorship- Zaire- Democratic Republic of the Congo



<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">**<span style="display: block; font-size: 105%; color: rgb(99,44,99); text-align: center;">//<span style="display: block; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Angola: // **
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Colony of Portugal
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Independence- 1974-1975
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Led by political party FRELIMO
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Used guerrilla warfare to gain independence
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Since independence, there has been civil war and many deaths

<span style="display: block; font-size: 212.5%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">**//Problems since African Independence://** <span style="display: block; font-size: 106.25%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Economic Development- Europeans used their technology to take resources of Africa when they left; unskilled worker; economic imperialism
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">AIDS has been a major problem since emerging in the 1980s- wiped out a generation of Africans
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Desertification- deserts growing
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Ethnic/Tribal Rivalries- due to divide and conquer
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Economic standing has decreased since independence
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(242,13,13); text-align: center;">Few states have the economic resources to satisfy popular expectation



<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; font-family: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; text-align: center;">

**<span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">//<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);">History of South Africa: // **


 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Mediterranean climate- good for agriculture
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Located at the tip of Africa- made it a "pit stop" for Europeans on their way from India and Asia
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Population divided into 4 major groups- Black Africans (majority), European Africans, Asians, and Coloreds



**<span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);"> //<span style="display: block; font-size: 200%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">European Arrival: // ** <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">The Dutch arrived in the late 1600s and early 1700s
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Established farming settlements around Cape Town and developed a language called Afrikaans
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">They became known as the Afrikaners, or Boers
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">British government gained control of Cape Colony at the end of the 1700s
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Conflicted with the Afrikaners
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Made English official language and ban slavery
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Afrikaners create the Transvaal and Orange Free State in 1836- the Great Trek

<span style="display: block; font-size: 250%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">**//<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);">The Boer War (1899-1902): //** <span style="display: block; font-size: 125%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">**Causes:** <span style="display: block; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Gold and diamonds found in Transvaal and Orange Free State
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Thousands rush in- war develops between Britain and Afrikaners over control of the land

<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">**Effects:**


 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Britain defeated Boers and made the Afrikaner republics part of the British colony



**//<span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 200%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Apartheid: //** <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">


 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">"Separateness"- Afrikaners created a system of strict racial separation in all areas of society
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Established in 1948 by the National Party
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Laws under Apartheid:
 * <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Population Registration Act

<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);"> || <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Group Areas Act

<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);"> || <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Townships & Homelands

<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);"> || <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Pass Laws

<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);"> || <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Bantu Education Act || <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Mixed Marriage Act ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Required all South Africans to be classified according to race; 4 accepted categories- White, African, Asian, and colored

<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);"> || <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Divided South Africa into areas according to race. Each group lived in their own area- the white South Africans had the best land

<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);"> || <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Black South Africans assigned to a homeland, even if they never lived there before; slum-like conditions; white’s controlled entrance of blacks into white areas

<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);"> || <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Required all non-whites to carry government-issued identification papers with them wherever they went within the country. Those that didn’t have it were subject to jail time and abuse

<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);"> || <span style="color: rgb(30,87,30);">Separate educational systems for blacks; highly inferior to the schools provided for whites || <span style="display: block; color: rgb(30,87,30); text-align: center;">It was against the law for people of different races to have sexual relations

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;"> ||

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<span style="display: block; font-size: 200%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">**//<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);">African National Congress: //**

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">formed in 1912
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Led by Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Used mass protest, boycotts, strikes, and large scale acts of noncooperation o fight for better education, a say in government; etc.
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Issued Freedom Charter in 1956



<span style="display: block; font-size: 200%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">**//<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);">Major Rebellions: //** <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Sharpeville Massacre (1960)- Pan Africa Congress (PAC) holds a strike against pass laws- appeared at police stations without passes- police officers opened fire and killed 69 people; government arrests 1500 African leaders and banned ANC & PAC
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Soweto Uprising (1976)- 20,000 school children marched to protest the black schools having to teach subject in Afrikaans; police opened fire and killed 4 students; focused the world's attention on South Africa

**//<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);">

<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Important People: //**


 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Nelson Mandela- black nationalist leader; believed in violent protest; sent to jail in 1962 and released in 1990; became first black South African president in 1994


 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Steven Biko- Spokesman for Black Consciousness Movement; encouraged protest against white dominated institutions; jailed and was beaten and killed by police interrogators in 1977


 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">F.W. de Klerk- White South African president from 1989-1994; freed Mandela from jail and ended Apartheid

<span style="color: rgb(8,191,8);"> <span style="color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">**//<span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 180%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Post - Apartheid: //** <span style="display: block; font-size: 300%; color: rgb(116,22,116); font-family: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Desmond Tutu- Anglican bishop; encouraged peaceful, nonviolent protests; convinced the U.S. to stop trading with South Africa
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Economic- Many non-white South Africans still in poverty
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Political- Mandela and de Klerk become President and Vice President, respectively; 1994- the first multiracial democratic election
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,191,8); text-align: center;">Social- whites and black South Africans still disagree on the future of South Africa

<span style="display: block; font-size: 200%; color: rgb(116,22,116); font-family: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 200%; color: rgb(121,37,37); font-family: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-align: center;">


 * <span style="color: rgb(116,22,116);">**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'sans-serif';">gen⋅o⋅cide ****//<span style="color: rgb(51,51,51); font-family: 'Verdana', 'sans-serif';">– noun- the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group //** ||

<span style="font-size: 125%; color: rgb(166,38,166);">**//<span style="display: block; font-size: 200%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">Rwanda: <span style="display: block; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;"> //** <span style="display: block; font-size: 187.5%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: 125%; color: rgb(166,38,166);"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">**Pretext of Genocide:** <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">The minority, the Tutsis, held most of the land because the Belgians favored them.
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">They also held most of the government jobs and had educational privileges that the Hutus did not, creating tensions between Hutus and Tutsis
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">When the country got independence, the Hutus gained control
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">1993- Tutsi army officers killed Burundi's (country south of Rwanda) first president

<span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">
 * Events:**
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">One million Hutus and Tutsis killed
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">Machetes and clubs were most used as weapons
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">Hutus raped many Tutsi womenCivilian death squads- Interahamwe <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">- were responsible for the largest massacres
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">People were encouraged over hate Radio (RTLM) to kill the Tutsis, aka cockroaches, because they were told that the Tutsis were going to destroy Rwanda and kill the Hutus
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">


 * Response:**


 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">Disregarded warnings prior to genocide
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">Condemned the violence, but did little to stop it
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">U.S. refused to stop the hate radio and also refused to define the killings as a 'genocide'



<span style="display: block; font-size: 281.25%; color: rgb(128,0,0); text-align: center;">**//<span style="color: rgb(166,38,166);">Darfur: //** <span style="display: block; font-size: 187.5%; color: rgb(128,0,0); text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">**Pretext of genocide:** <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">**
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">Ethnic and religious clash in Sudan- the government is Arabian and the majority are poor, black Christians
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">Civil war between the black Sudanese and the Arabian government for a share of the wealth and more rights
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">Events: ** <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">**
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">2003- the Arab government hired the Janjaweed, aka Devils on Horseback, to go into the Darfur villages and burn homes, slaughter men, rape women, and loot the homes and villages
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">Response: ** <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">UN has declared it a genocide but has not taken action because China has interest in an oil pipeline in Sudan, so the idea to intervene was vetoed
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">al-Bashir is leader of Sudan, who claimed to have info on Al- Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden, has been able to keep the U.S. from attacking
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,38,166); text-align: center;">The U.S. does not want to alienate China and believes that it will not be in the best interest of the United States' national security to intervene