Everything+Russia+post-1850

 __** BY: MEGHAN O'SHEA, SAMI COVELLO, ERDAL KADIOGLU, AND ARIELLE KOPPELL ** __



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CRIMEAN WAR Q&A!!!
===The Four Points of Vienna was a statement of British and French war aims.   ===

*There were four peace attempts and all four were unsuccessful:
-What battles took place? -Who lost? -What were the end-of-the-war terms? -What were some of the things that made this war important? = Before:    ~In the 1800s Russia had not lept into the modern industrialized world. The __feudal system__ forced serfs to be tied to the nobles land. This prevented Russia from advancing economically. *__Feudal System-__ a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land. =
 * 1) Russia was to give up its protectorate over the Danubian Principalities.
 * 2) It was to abandon any claim granting it the right to interfere in Ottoman affairs on the behalf of the Orthodox Christians (in Greece.)
 * 3) The Straits Convention of 1841 was to be revised through the neutralization of the Black Sea.
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,128); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">All nations were to be granted access to the Danube River (on the black sea.)
 * The Seige of Sevastopol, the Azov Campaign, the Baltic Theatre, the Genitchi Strait, the Pacific, and Italian involvement.
 * The Russians.
 * Russia was not allowed a navy or military arsenal on Black Sea coast and had to recognize and respect the under-estimated Ottoman Empire.
 * It was the first war that women worked as nurses for, railways and telegraphs were used for. Also, it led to the abolition of serfdom.

<span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: left;"> **Reforms:** ~ Political and social reform ended in 1881 when Alexander ll was assassinated. ~ Alexander lll later brought industrial changes to Russia. ~ Nationalism was the major drive throughout this period of reform. **
 * ~ Peasant communities recieved half of the land of the original farm.

<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(255,6,0); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

=<span style="color: rgb(255,6,0);">*Reason: rivalry between Russia and Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. = =<span style="color: rgb(255,6,0);">*Result: Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. This war took place during Japanese modernization. = =<span style="color: rgb(157,254,22);">**//*Treaty time!//** = =<span style="color: rgb(157,254,22);">~ Treaty of Portsmouth. = =<span style="color: rgb(157,254,22);">~ Terms: (by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt), the defeated Russians recognized Japan as the dominant power in Korea. = =<span style="color: rgb(157,254,22);">~ Turned over Port Arthur, Liaotung Peninsula, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island, to Japan. = =<span style="color: rgb(157,254,22);">~ Both powers agreed to restore Manchuria to China. =

<span style="display: block; font-size: 180%; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,128,0); background-color: rgb(255,255,255);">



<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,128,0);">***In 1917, the Romanov czar gave up his power. This signified the end of czarist rule in Russia.** ~Russification- the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian Empire.**
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,0);">~Leading Cause: NATIONALISM!!!! Nationalism emerged in Russia in the 19th century creating ethnic unrest because they were so diverse. Because of this, the czar instituted a policy called <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,128,0);">Russification.
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,0);">~Although they thought Russification would help, it strengthened nationalist feelings among ethnic groups and helped disunify Russia. **

<span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(0,128,128);">media type="youtube" key="MgOLaRInUog" height="344" width="425" ^this video shows Bloody Sunday(January 22,1905) which was when 200,000 workers and families marched to the czae's palace to ask for better conditions. The event soon turned into a blood bath with more than 100 killed.
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(75,75,247); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">media type="youtube" key="iAjDAU2RhmE" height="344" width="425"
 * Reasons: **
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Middle class and working class wanted a voice in the governement.**
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**City workers wanted better/safer conditions.**
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Peasants wanted the nobles' fertile land.**
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Russia had a losing military. Casualty rates increased.**
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Soldiers recieved inadequate food, clothing, equipment, and unexperienced officers.**
 * 6) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Increasing prices of goods and food shortages.**
 * 7) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Ethnic groups wanted to end discrimination and Russification.**

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">***Result:**
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">*What they do: **
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255,0,255);">**Peasants begin rioting.**
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255,0,255);">**Workers go on strike.**
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,255);">Civilians start demanding reform. **
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Communism prevails and Russia is renamed to USSR.**
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Not only does communism arouse, but Russia establishes a socialist government.**
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Education reforms--literacy rates soared.**
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Industrial growth/economic development.**
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(248,0,255);">**Equal rights were granted to all nationalities.**


 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">Russia entered World War I in 1914 but was suffering as a country.
 * STAGES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION! Brief History: media type="youtube" key="iAjDAU2RhmE" height="220" width="271"

~THE MARCH REVOLUTION (MODERATE) **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">During this stage, people told the czar what they wanted. **

media type="youtube" key="8WaxITf7roI" height="181" width="222" __**How Marxism Influenced Lenin**__
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">~PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT( MARCH-NOV. 1917) **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">Temporary stage **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">By Democrat Prince George Lrov **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">Then, Moderate Socialist Alexander Kerensky **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">Temporarily guaranteed civil liberties, and freed political powers **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">However, serfs did not get the land they were promised, the army stayed at war, and not ****<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">enough food was provided. **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">Soviets come power **
 * KARL MARX (Germany) || VLADAMIR LENIN (Russia) ||
 * -Marxist Socialism || -Marxist-Leninism/Bolsheviks ||
 * Theory of history: cass struggle || No real Russian industrialism/capitalism ||
 * Revolution of Proletariat || Majority: peasants/feudal ||
 * Violent revolution || Elite vanguard must lead revolution ||
 * The First International || Revolutionaries would guide Russia through stages of industrialization. ||

<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">~RADICAL STAGE (NOVEMBER REVOLUTION) **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">Communists and Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) defeated czarist rule **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">They achieved power by "Peace, Bread, and Land" slogan **
 * **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">WORLD WAR ONE: Lenin pulled Russia out of war with the Treaty of Brest-Livotsk, causing Soviet Russia to lose an immense amount of land including its Baltic provinces, the Ukraines, Finland, Byelorussia, and part of Transcaucasia. It was 1,300,000 square miles and provided for 62 million people of the population. **

Bolsheviks gained power over the Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks were also referred to as the Red Army.



-- **__Lenin has a stroke and Stalin becomes dictator in 1922.__**

INTRODUCTION TO STALIN AND WHAT HE DOES FOR RUSSIA- media type="youtube" key="8ajqk875Xu0" height="344" width="425"


 * //__<span style="font-size: 160%; color: rgb(255,6,0);">*STALIN LED RUSSIA WITH TOTALITARIANISM.* __//**

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(152,0,255);">
 * -Totalitarianism: a form of government in which the national government takes control of all aspects of both public and private life. This form of government usually only involves one ruler and involves terror, violence, and censorship to enforce rules.

-The Great Purge(1937):** media type="youtube" key="E1333fveKng" height="344" width="425" ^The Great Purge eliminated anyone who threatened his power. It ended in 1938 after having an estimated 8 million to 13 million people murdered.


 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(152,0,255);">-After the Great Purge, Stalin kept Russia on its feet the way he wanted by censoring newspapers, movies, radios, mail, ect. Children were taught communism in schools and any other religion was persecuted.

-In 1928, Stalin called for a command economy(gov't makes all economic decisions) to catch up on all the years of industrialization that they were behind in.

-Five Year Plans: plans outlined by Stalin for the delevopment of Soviet's economy. They set impossibly high quotas, to increase the ouput of steel, coal, oil, and electricity. To reach these goals, civilians would need to cut back which led to shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessities. ** media type="youtube" key="oXGThPeOJu4" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,255,255);"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,255,255);">
 * The Five Year Plans included major industrialization but there was also an Agricultural Revolution going on in 1928.**
 * 1) **<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,255,255);">Small, private farms were rounded up into large, government owned farms called COLLECTIVE FARMS. **
 * 2) **<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,255,255);">Collective farms were used to produce foord for the state. **
 * 3) **<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,255,255);">Modern machinery boosted food production and reduced the number of workers. **
 * 4) **<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,255,255);">Kulaks, or rich peasants, didn't like collective farms and were killed if they resisted to work. **

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,255);">*Some positive things about Stalin's rule: <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,255);"> <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(255,234,0);">
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,255);">Womens roles expanded. They were also considered equal to men.
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,255);">People became more educated and there was better schooling.
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,255);">People learned new technological skills.
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,255);">Medicine became popular. In fact, 75% of Soviet doctors were women.

== * As Hitler was gaining control over most lands in Europe, Stalin and Hitler met up to make a Non-Agression Pact. This Pact said that Germany and Russia would not attack each other during the war and to divide Poland, and allow Russia to take control of the Baltic countries after the war. ==

== *Operation Barbarossa: Hitler breaks the pact!!!! He makes a suprise attack, or BLITZKREIG, on the USSR on September 1, 1939. German airplanes began bombing the capital(Warsaw) and troops moved in through the Polish border. ==

*In return to the attack, Stalin calls troops to annex the Baltic countries and had no trouble until FINLAND. They won, but lost a lot of men in the winter weather.
media type="youtube" key="FRcBt904OJ0" height="167" width="206" media type="youtube" key="8L-GBHNNqrQ" height="217" width="267" Soviet Propaganda against Germany Brief Summary of Operation Barbarossa

== INTRODUCTION TO THE COLD WAR media type="youtube" key="irXVQnvc9FQ" height="344" width="425"

===//__<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(0,128,0);">COLD WAR- A state of political tension and military rivalry between nothing that stops short of full-scale war, especially that which existed between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. __//===



<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);"> =//<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">YALTA CONFERENCE (1945) //= //<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">Chruchill, Roosevelt and Stalin all meet at Yalta.


 * Reason - The conference was intended to discuss the re-establishment of Europe, and it's war-torn countries. //



//<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">*Result - Berlin was divided into 4 sections. A section owned by Great Britain, a section owned by France, one by U.S., and the last by the Soviet Union. Germany was also divided into 2 halves(East and West). Lastly, Stalin promised to hold free elections.

Stalin breaks his promise.

By 1947, Most of eastern europe had become Soviet Satellites (buffer zones).

Churchill creates the imaginary line drawn at the borders of Communist East Europe and Democratic West Europe. This is called the __**IRON CURTAIN.**__ //

A plan to give money to all of Europe and rebuild their economies after WWII to help prevent the spread of communism.
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,128);">__MARSHALL PLAN- Created by U.S.-__

__COMECON - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance -__ -Stalin's response to the U.S.'s Marshall plan. It is exactly like the Marshall plan, he promises to give billions to European countries to rebuild, and they turn communist. ** =__//<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">Berlin Blockade - June 1948 //__= //**<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">For almost one year, Soviets blocked all land access from West Germany into West Berlin. So the allies flew supplies into West Berlin to help the people. Stalin seeing this, cancelled the blockade. **//

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,128);">**__1949- NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)__ is a military alliance between the United States, France, Britain, and Canada.

__1949-The Warsaw Pact__ is created to counter the U.S's North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Warsaw pact has many of Eastern European countries signed to it, like Poland, Hungary, Romania and more.**

=//<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">**__The A__**__rms Race Begins! - 1949__ //= //**<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">-The soviets develop and successfully test their first Atomic bomb. -From that point on the US and the USSR were in a massive arms race, or who can make the most dangerous weapons the fastest. **//

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,128);">1957 - **__Soviets launched Earth's first space satellite called the__** Sputnik. **__The U.S. feared that is was dangerous, but it wasn't.__**

= =
 * __<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">1960- The U.S. sends a Spy plane called the U-2 to the USSR, the mission failed when it was shot down by the Soviets. __**

=__<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,128);">The Cold War and the Soviet Satellites __= <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,128);">__Poland-__ 1956- Workers went on stike demanding greater freedom, Khrushchev agreed to let the reforms to handle themselves as long as Poland stays communist and stays the Warsaw Pact. 1970's- More strikes errupt demanding for better living conditions and political and economic reforms. __SOLIDARITY__ - Workers group led by Lech Welesa __Hungary__- 1956- students in favoring Democratic reforms started demonstrations, and Hungarian leaders theartened to leave the Warsaw pact. Soviet troops later invade Hungary and crushed all revolts. __Czechoslovakia-__ Soviets invade Czechoslovakia in order to halt political liberzations. __Brezhnev Doctrine-__ Soviets have the right to crush any rebellion.

=__//<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">Berlin Wall - 1961 //__=
 * //<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,0,0);">During 1940s through the 1950's 3 million people fled East Germany through Berlin. This was because all the people trapped in the communist side of Berlin wanted to go to the democracy side of Berlin. Khrushchev ordered an overnight construction of the Berlin wall to be built around West Berlin and trap all of the people in and keep the others out. //**

media type="youtube" key="wnYXbJ_bcLc" height="192" width="235"

=__<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,128);">CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS - 1962 __=

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128,0,128);"> -Nuclear missles were secretly given to Cuba from the Soviet Union. -American leaders soon found out and President Kennedy ordered a Naval Blockade of Cuba and threatened that the U.S. was going to invade Cuba if the missles weren't withdrawn. - The world was very close to World War 3

SPACE RACE- technological race between the Soviet Union and the United States. media type="youtube" key="TbAXkWPasYw" height="225" width="277"

In the Soviet Union, there were forced labor camps referred to as gulags that killed millions of people.

COLD WAR PROPAGANDA (1950s): Communism vs. Capitalism; Cold War Summary media type="youtube" key="irXVQnvc9FQ" height="229" width="281"; media type="youtube" key="EKexf166TKk" height="199" width="245" An interesting take on the war from the US perspective ***This is a clip from the 1960 presidential debate in which JFK and Richard Nixon discuss the Cold War. media type="youtube" key="jznAJySwkmM" height="208" width="256" <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);"> **CAUSES


 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">**Leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev**
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">**Openness to democratic ideas(glasnost)**
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">**Reshaping of the economy(Perestroika)**
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">**Economic problems-always a shortage of consumer goods**
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">**Nationalism-different ethnic groups wanted independence**
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">**Freedom movement in Eastern Europe**
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">**Gorbachev does not stop most of the rebellions that happen in Eastern Europe**

media type="youtube" key="rvAJ_u3Q0Hw" height="277" width="341" <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);"> **RESULTS**
 * 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Accident- nuclear reactor accident in today's Ukraine
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">Formation of the commonwealth of Independent States(CIS)
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">Boris Yeltsin becomes Russian President
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">Lost their role as a superpower
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">End of Cold War
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">Major economic problems in changing from a command to a market economy
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">Minority revolts and civil conflicts
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,112,0);">Conflicts between pro-communist and pro-democracy groups