Everything+Europe+post-1750


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 = Enlightenment: = =LEADERS: = =VOLTAIRE- =
 * published more then 70 books of political essays, philosophy and drama
 * Made frequent targets of the clergy, the aristocracy and the government
 * His sharp tounge made him enemies at the French court and send him to jail twice

=John locke- = 
 * Held a more positive view of human nature
 * He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves
 * As reasonable beings they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare
 * According to Locke all people are born free and equal with three natural rights life liberty and property

 . <span style="font-size: 140%; color: #800080; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 140%; color: #ff6600; font-family: Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;">Rousseau


 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: #ff6600; font-family: Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;">Jean Jacques rousseau was committed to individual freedom
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: #0000ff; font-family: Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;">He won lots of recognition as a writer of essays
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: #ff6600; font-family: Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;">Rousseau argued “civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness, “Man is born and everywhere he is in chains



<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(255,0,0); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">Mary Wollstonecraft - <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,0,255);">
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,0,255);">She was the most persuasive women during the enlightenment and published an essay called //A Vindication of the rights of woman// in 1792
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255,0,0); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">Argued that woman like men need education to become virtuous and useful
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,255);">She believed that woman should be given the right to enter the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics

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<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Old Regime 1st Estate- owned 10 percent of the land they provided education and relief services to the poor and contributed about 2 % of its income to the government

2nd Estate- Were the rich nobles only accounted for 2 percent of the population owned 20 % of the land and payed no taxes

3rd Estate-97% of the population first group the middle class or bourgeoisie were bankers factory workers merchants professionals and skilled artisans often very well educated and belived strongly in the enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality paid very high taxes lacked privelges

second group which were the poorest within the 3rd estate these people were trades people apprentices laborers and domestic servants

<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(255,0,0); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The forces of change A weak leaders economic troubles- lots of taxes made it hard to conduct profitable business in france the cost of living rose crop failures resulting in the severe shortage of grain Helping in the American Revolution put france in debt banks refused to lend money

King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette: He paid little attention to government advisors and had lil patience for the details of governing The queen interfered in government business and offen gave THe KIng bad advice They would rather go out and spend money on gowns, jewels, gambling, and gifts instead on the people <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">Revolution Begins: The third Estate delgates names themsleves the National Assembly and they passed laws and made reforms in the name of the french people <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">3 days later the Third Estate found themsleves locked out of their meeting room and they broke down the tennis court door and in there they created a new constitution called the tennis court oath After hearing tis Louis XVI stationed his army in and around versailles

The 3rd estate thought that king louis was palnning on ending the national assembly so they broke into a paris prison on july 14th and took gun powder and weapons The fall of the bastile became known has a great symbolic act by the french people

The great fear had peasants panicing all over france armed with pitch forks and farm tools they broke into nobles manor houses and destroyed the old legal papers that bound them to pay fuedal dues media type="youtube" key="ORqTv6CGm5Q" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(248,79,79); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> -Military genius rose from Military General to seize control of France in a Coup d’etat. Napoleon was born in Corsica 1769. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Emperor 1799-1815 <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** Napoleonic code: ** a uniform set of laws that limited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Plebiscite: vote of the people <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** Lycees: ** government run schools <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Concordat: agreement w/church, Napoleon higher than church. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** Bank of **** France **** : ** improved the French economy, by taxes from everyone, and loans to businesses

<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** Scorched Earth Policy ** - which Russians burned everything to leave for the enemy to eat. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Depleted Napoleons Army. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Blockade, Continental system in order to destroy Great Britain commercial and industrial economy. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  The great nation took him out of power in the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: lime; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Napoleon was shipped to St. Helena in exile and died 1821. media type="youtube" key="gDt8Mna8ZiE" height="344" width="425"
 * __ Invasion of __****__ Russia __**

**
 * Congress of **** Vienna

** - ** Series of meetings in Austria Vienna, for long lasting peace and stability by the Balance of Power <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  The meeting were led by the Five great powers in Europe Russia, Austria, Prussia, France, and Great Britain…..main leader Metternich ruler of Austria <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> 1. __ Balance of Power __ - No country be a threat to another <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> 2. __ Containment Of France __ - Make every country around France strengthened <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> 3. __ Legitimacy __ - Rulers that Napoleon driven from there throne back to power (Spain, Italy) ** Nationalism ** ** - ** Pride is ones country: which include culture, territory, national language, religion **__ Germany __****__ Unification __** -Led by Bismarck (IRON CHANCELLOR) <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Bismarck’s policies **Blood & Iron-** to do everything through war. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** Real Politik- ** (politics of reality) to what it takes <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** First. ** Bismarck gained Schlewig from the Danish war <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** Then. ** He gained Holstein from the Austro War <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** Finally. ** Bismarck Franco War which he started and gained Alsec Lorein <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** 1871 **** Germany **** unifies ** **__ Italy __****__ Unification __** ** - ** Led by Mazini- The Soul __ Cavour __ - The Brain __ Garibaldi __ - The Sword <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Manzini failed to attempt to unify italy with Yopung Italy <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Cavour arranged a defense agreement w/ Sardinia & France <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Austria forced out of North of Italy <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Garibaldi led the Red Shirts and takes the Papal States and pushes from the South <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Austria gives Venetia <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Pope loses and Italy takes Rome. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ** 1870 **** Italy **** unifies **
 * Geographic Expression **

<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __ Crop Rotation __ - Stopped fallow field system, plant different crops for fertile soil. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __ Enclosure Movements __** - ** All peasants cannot survive, go to cities and parliament made laws to take land from peasants and put them to work on the land. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  New machines Jethro Seed Drill, reapers, threshers, plant seeds faster than cattle. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __ New Crops __ - maize, potato.....As which made the Population sky rocket. <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(248,79,79); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Industrial Revolution was a enormous movement that started in the late 18th century and 19th century because of the former Agricultural Revolution. <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(248,79,79); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(248,79,79); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(248,79,79); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">
 * Agricultural Revolution **
 * - ** Early 1700s technology revolution in Farming. During the 18th and 19th centuries, England experienced a period of agricultural growth.
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(248,79,79); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Manual Labor/Animal Labor was replaced with trains and if you were very fortunate to use cars.
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(248,79,79); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Steam Power was introduced instead of using coal.
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(248,79,79); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">More workers were available thanks to the Agricultural Revolution, there was more food and with more food the population increased.
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(248,79,79); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Textiles could be made quicker and in greater bulk because of new inventions like the spinning mule and cotton mills.



<span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(193,5,235); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">The Iron Industry boomed as well.

But with so many positives, there were bound to be negatives. Particularly with young children.

Children as young as 6 worked in factories for up to 14 hours or more a day. Small kids were forced to work in dangerous areas to earn money to feed their families. It was not uncommon that fatal injuries occurred during this time.

Even punishments were taken to the extreme i.e. “weighting” a form of discipline when a child would wear a heavy weight on their neck for up to an hour.

It wasn’t until the Factory Act of 1833 that conditions improved.



=<span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(23,238,121); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">Imperialism ( 1870s -1960s) = =<span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(23,238,121); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = <span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(23,238,121); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> The term Imperialism is defined as ruling over a specific area(s) to secure purposes for a single state. <span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(8,161,76); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">Britain’s success during Imperialism was brought on due to the Industrial Revolution.

Poems and Songs were introduced to explain why the British felt they needed to take over countries that they didn’t seem fit to govern themselves. A good example of this is the “White Man’s Burden.

“Take up the White Man's burden--And reap his old reward:The blame of those ye better,The hate of those ye guard--The cry of hosts ye humour(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--"Why brought he us from bondage,Our loved Egyptian night?"

Two of the most notorious places that Britain conquered were Africa and India.

==<span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(194,5,46); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">The Berlin Conference was an important meeting that took place during 1884 that described what portions of Africa certain European countries would be receiving.Britain, along with other countries at the time, needed to find a new source of trade due to a growing deficit that was beginning to emerge. Also, white imperialists needed a new available working population for their colonies in the New World. == <span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(194,5,46); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">

For most of the 19th century India was ruled by India. It was considered “ the jewel in the crown” of all the colonies in the British Empire because of it’s immense amounts of natural resources.

INC- The Indian National Congress had one goal. To have more of a say in the way that India was governed. Sepoy Mutiny- when thousands of sepoys ( Indian soldiers) decided to rebel against the British because of extreme racial tensions driven by the British and casings on cartridges that contained cow and pig fat. Two meats that Indians and Muslims do not eat.

<span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(167,16,249); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> The end of WW2 was also a major part of why India became independent relatively quickly.

=<span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(167,16,249); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">Spheres of Influence in China = =<span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(167,16,249); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = <span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(167,16,249); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> When: late 19th-early 20th century

Why: Britain’s victory during the infamous Opium Wars led to the formation of the Spheres of Influence. Even though the Chinese were divided into separate colonies, they still maintained their sovereignty.



**Irish Potato Famine(1840s-1852)**
<span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">Because Ireland was a British colony, it was used for one sole purpose. And that was to produce cash crops. They weren’t allowed to eat most the food they grew. An exception to this would have to be the potato.



<span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">

This crop was VERY important. Because this crop became infected, approximately one million of the population died and another one million emigrated from Ireland.

Militarism- Europe had not experienced a major war in several decades, and it was prime time for a big fight. The Prussians established a very large and powerful army, and Russian mobilization lead to them throwing the first strike through Belgium

Alliances- The complex of alliance between the powers in Europe lead to each nation being dragged into the conflict to honor its alliances; on one side were France, England, and Russia, on the other were Germany, Austria, and Italy

Nationalism- The people of European nations prioritized the glory of their nation, and wanted dominance.

Imperialism- Competition on a global scale for imperial dominance also lead to minor conflicts between European powers, and set the stage for WWI

Assasination- Gavrillo Princip, a Serbian member of the Black Hand, a terrorist nationalist group assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria providing the spark that ignited the bomb of WWI

German Schlieffen Plan: <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: red; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Defeat France in 6 weeks <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: red; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Hold off Russia which was estimated to take 6 months to mobilize <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: red; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Invade France through Belgium to outflank the French

Why it Failed: <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: red; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The Belgians put up strong resistance <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: red; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The Russians mobilized with great speed, drawing German troops and supplies to the Eastern Front <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: red; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The French counter-attack at the Marne stopped the German advance to Paris media type="youtube" key="uXX9DNN2aHM" height="344" width="425"

Treaty of Versailles: <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   German territory was ceded to allies <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Germany blamed with “war guilt” <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Limitations were put on the German army and navy <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The Rhineland was demilitarized and occupied <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   German was forced to pay indemnities of $33 billion Results: <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Over 10 million casualities <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   End to Russian, German, Austrian, and Ottoman empires <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Creation of poor, weak, and diverse nations in Eastern Europe <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Establishment of Communism in Russia <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #339966; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The enmity of the German people

1917- October Revolution: Bolshevik Party under Lenin and his slogan of “peace, land, and bread” seized control of the government of Russia, and established the dictatorship of the proletariat under the Vanguard of the Bolshevik party. Russia falls to communism and withdraws from WWI.

Economic Depression: <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">New technology and consumer goods became available after WWI, and many things were bought on credit. When people could not afford to finish paying for what they bought, the economies collapsed. The United States was investing in Europe and keeping their economies relatively functional, but after our stock market crash, we withdrew our investments in Europe to fix our state, leaving Europe bankrupt.

Anticommunist fascism seized power in Western European Nations fearing a communist revolution in the economic depression, Germany in Particular.

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