Everything+Middle+East+post-1900



   

- The Middle East is a vast amount of land (five-million square miles)  -Filled with rugged mountains, vast bodies  of water, and endless deserts 
 *  LOCATION || -The Middle East is the junction of trade routes connecting Europe, Asia, China, India, as well as Africa **=CULTURAL DIFFUSION**

- For this reason the Middle East is known as the cross roads of the world

- Has been multiply used by other nations for its strategic location ||  ||

  




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<span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 150%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Located North of the <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 150%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Arabian Peninsula <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 150%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> and over <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 150%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Saudi Arabia <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 150%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 156%;"> -Little to no rainfall (average of 5 inches per year) <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 150%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Oases <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 150%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> are common Most of the landscape is formed from lava flow ||  <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Is now home to multiple oil pipelines
 * ==<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Syrian Desert <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 150%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ==

<span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - During the 2003 Iraq War the Syrian Desert served as a major supply line for the Iraqi insurgents

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Several nomadic tribes such as the Bedouin tribe inhabit this desert

-The Syrian Desert is still one of the primary smu <span style="font-size: 126%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">ggling routes due to its proximity to the Syrian bor <span style="font-size: 163.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">der <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">   ||

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 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> PETROLEUM/ OIL || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-During WWII U.S. and Europe consumed oil drastically

- Made the Middle East crucial to U.S. foreign policy

-The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 divided the Ottoman lands between the British and the French, giving those nations control over any natural resources, most importantly oil

- Middle Eastern nations have strategically black mailed other nations by "playing" with the prices of oil

eg) After the <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;">Yom Kippur War <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> an <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;">OPEC <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> embargo enabled for oil to go from $3 in 1972 to $12 in 1974 || <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;">- Water is one of the major resources lacking in the Middle East
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">LACK OF (CLEAN) WATER || <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

- Egypt, Iran and Turkey are the only nations in the Middle East with an abundant amount of clean water - Most Middle Eastern Nations rely on other nations for clean water

- Due to the lack of water tensions have risen between nations

- In the 1960's Arab nations worked to divert water going to Israel and Jordan to only Jordan ||



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<span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 150%;">-Body of water between Europe and Africa
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184); font-size: 120%;">Mediterranean Sea ==

-Connecting mechanism for Europe and Africa ||  || <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;">- <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%;">Suez Canal <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> located between the Mediterranean and the Red sea

- Suez canal is established to enable European powers to access to Middle Eastern, East Asian and South Asian markets (MAJOR TRADE ROUTE)

-Suez canal built by French with Egyptian workers and sells to Britain for 84 years until Egypt nationalizes <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> ||   || <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;">-An arm of the Arabian Sea between the Arabian peninsula and Iran <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 150%;"> ||  || <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - There have been many incidents that has negatively affected the environment of the Persian Gulf such as the oil spill in 1983 during the <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%;">Iran-Iraq War <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> and in 1991 during the Gulf War
 * =<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Persian Gulf =

- The Persian Gulf war fought between Iraq and allies of Kuwait for underground resources of oil in the Persian Gulf

- Kuwait was accused of depleting Iraq's oil and therefore causing a drop in oil prices which caused economic suffering for the Iraqi's

- Resulted in U.S. force against Iraq <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> ||

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<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">The great empire reached from the Persian Gulf to Western Algeria
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">After the rule of <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Sultan Suleiman l the Magnificen <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 156%;">t <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> (1494-1566) the empire began to decline
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">By the 18th century Russians were seeking to become the rulers of Turkey
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> The Crimean and <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> Russo- Turkish <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> war gave Bulgaria independence and Romania and Serbia were liberated from the rule of the Sultan
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> The weakness of the nation led to revolts by a group called the " <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Young Turks <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">" in 1909
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">The group forced <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Sultan Abdul Hamid <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> to establish a liberal government and create a constitution



- <span style="font-size: 114.4%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> Armenians were the minority group in present-day Turkey in 1915-1917

<span style="font-size: 193.336%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- <span style="font-size: 148.72%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">The Turks wanted a <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> pan-Turkish Empire <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> and the <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Armenians <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> contaminated their goals

- Armenians were demanded to hand all weaponry to the government - <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">April 24 1915- Armenian leaders were rounded up and murdered in <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Istanbul <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> (Decreases chance of revolution) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Men were either murdered or worked to death

- Woman and children were forced to go on <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> "Death Marches" <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - "Death Marches" were led across Anatolia all the way to the Syrian Desert (if they made it that far)

- Result was rape, starvation dehydration, or kidnapped

==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); line-height: 23px;"> **<span style="display: block; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-size: 110%;">__1896__- <span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;"> **== <span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;"> - <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%;">Theodor Herzl <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); display: block; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;"> is founder of the <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;"> Zionist Organization

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;">

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Publishes " <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%;">The Jewish State <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">" <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); display: block; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;">- A pamphlet that envisions a state where all Jews could live free from persecution

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;">
<span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"> ==**<span style="display: block; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;">__1901__ <span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;"> **== <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: left; display: block;">is established <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: left; display: block;"> land under Theodor Herzl ==<span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 140%;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"> == <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); text-align: center; display: block;">__Important Early Conflict__
 * <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: left; display: block;"><span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;">The <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;">Jewish National Fund (JNF)
 * <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: left; display: block;"><span style="display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;">Goal is to purchase <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%;">Palestinian
 * <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: left; display: block;">Herzl travels world in search of political support of his vision <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 120%; text-align: left; display: block;">

- <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 144%;"> Declaration establishes by Britain to show support for Jewish establishment of a homeland <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 120%;"> || - Issues a mandate for the establishment of a national home for Jews in <span style="font-size: 135%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Palestine <span style="font-size: 135%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> || - The land consumption and immigration of Jews anger Muslims
 * = ==<span style="font-size: 105%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> Balfour Declaration (1917) == ||= <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 120%;">
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">League of Nations (1922) == ||= <span style="font-size: 135%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Tensions Arise (1936) == ||= <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

- An <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Arab <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> attack on a Jewish bus marks the start of Palestinian rebellion

- Attacks result in temporary ban of land sales ||
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Arab League (1945) == ||= <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - The <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%;">Arab League <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> is formed to oppose the Jewish state in Palestine

- Members include <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Sy ria, S audi Arabia <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> ||
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">UNSCOP (1947) == ||= <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - Britain declares Palestine unworkable

- United Nations Special Committee On Palestine ( <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">UNSCOP <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">)

- UNSCOP divides Palestine into two halves || - Arab League goes to war with <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Israel <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Israeli War of Independence (1947-1949) == ||= <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

- Leads to victory of Israel in 1949

- Israel signs cease-fire treaty with <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Jordan <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">, Syria, and Egypt

- Israel now controls 70% land rather than 50% || - Palestine Liberation Organization ( <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">PLO <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">)
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">PLO Formation (1964) == ||= <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

- Council for the end of Jewish State through terrorism ||
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">The Six Day War (1967) == ||= <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - June 5 to- June 10

- Arab troops accumulate in <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Sinai Peninsula <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - Egypt blockade of <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Straits of Tiran <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">, angers Israel

- <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Kuwait <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">, Jordan Syria and Iraq fight alongside Egypt

-Results- Israel gains <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Golan Heights <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">, <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Sinai <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">, <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Gaza Strip <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">, <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">East Jerusalem <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> and <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">West Bank <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> ||

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<span style="font-size: 132%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 132%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 17px; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); line-height: 25px;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 17px; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); line-height: 25px;">

<span style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 17px; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left;">

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184); text-align: center; display: block;">__THE SIX-DAY WAR and ISRAEL PURSUIT FOR SINAI__




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<span style="font-size: 14.3px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 19px;"> - <span style="font-size: 20.592px; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); line-height: 19px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">Israeli athletes are taken as hostages at the <span style="font-size: 20.592px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); line-height: 19px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">Munich Olympics <span style="font-size: 17.16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 19px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- An underground terrorist organization known as <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Black September <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">(A branch off from the PLO) takes the Israeli Olympic team as hostages <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

<span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Two hostages are killed immediately when the terrorist group busted into the apartment block <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

<span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Black September agrees that if 200 Palestinian prisoners held in jail were released then the nine hostages left would be let go <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);"> <span style="font-size: 132%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">- <span style="font-size: 158.4%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">The nine hostages as well as the terrorists were flown to Fuersten Feldbruck military airport

<span style="font-size: 144%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-When the helicopter lands, German police open fire <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

- <span style="font-size: 144%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">All nine hostages are killed as well as five of the extremists

- The remaining 3 are jailed, but are later released after a high jacking of a Lufthansa flight by the Palestinians <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 144%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); display: block; text-align: center;"> - The Israelis who were affected by the deaths of the hostages still seek justice till this day ultimately creating an endless cycle of hate towards the opposing enemy



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- <span style="font-size: 144%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">The <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Palestinian Intifada <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">, a Palestinian group against Israeli occupation, forms in West Bank and Gaza

- A group of young Palestinians demonstrators hurl rocks at the Israeli troops in occupation zones and as a result the troops shoot ammunition at them

<span style="font-size: 145.2%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Curfews are imposed on Palestinians and arrests and deportations follow <span style="font-size: 145.2%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- More than 20,000 people (mostly Palestinians) are murdered between 1987 and 1993 <span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184); font-size: 110%;">

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">December 14 1988
<span style="font-size: 145.2%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 174.24%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- <span style="font-size: 145.2%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Yasir Arafat <span style="font-size: 145.2%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> agrees to accept the state of Israel's existence and renounces the use of terrorism as a mechanism to get rid of a Jewish state in Palestine

- Leads to <span style="font-size: 145.2%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> Madrid Peace Conference <span style="font-size: 145.2%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. host the Madrid Peace Conference <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> -The objective is to resolve <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Palestine-Israeli Conflict <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

- The Conference isn't very effective due to later uprisings

- Leads to the <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Oslo Accords <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> in 1993

[[image:textspace_4054731_a6c77ea4.gif]]
- <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> Signed on August 20th 1993 <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Calls for withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza strip and West Bank as well as Palestinian self- government

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Palestinian rule would last for a 5-year period until permanent negotiations could be made

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-West Bank and Gaza are divided into three areas:
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Area A- Under complete Palestinian authority
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Area B- Under Palestinian civil control and Israeli Security Council
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Area C- Under complete Israeli control, except of Palestinian civilians

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Signing of <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">The Letter of Mutual Recognition <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-> Israeli government recognizes the PLO and vise-versa

[[image:http://www.caglecartoons.com/images/preview/%7Be9c4d752-19c6-4867-ba37-4a9f8489fe0b%7D.gif width="360" height="310" align="right" caption="War ON Gaza"]]
<span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 154%;"> - Palestine struggles to gain authority in the Gaza Strip and West Bank

<span style="display: block; text-align: left; font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Israel agrees with a Palestinian controlled West Bank and Gaza Strip for five years until U.N. can negotiate a better plan <span style="display: block; text-align: left; font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Israel launches an attack and blockades the Gaza Strip <span style="display: block; text-align: left; font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); display: block; text-align: left; font-size: 140%;"> -This is known as <span style="display: block; text-align: left; font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Operation Cast Lead <span style="display: block; text-align: left; font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">and takes place on December 27 2008

== ==

<span style="font-size: 160%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: right; display: block;">- Israel raids the Gaza Strip targeting Hamas bases, police training camps, Mosques, medical facilities, schools and houses causing multiple deaths <span style="display: block; text-align: right; font-size: 144%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Hamas strikes back by launching missiles

- Israeli Defense Forces <span style="display: block; text-align: right; font-size: 144%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">(IDF) <span style="display: block; text-align: right; font-size: 144%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> begin to attack Gaza Suburbs

<span style="display: block; text-align: right; font-size: 143%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- 300 miles into the city, Israel begins to bomb high rise building

<span style="display: block; text-align: right; font-size: 143%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- including the United Nations Relief and Work Agency <span style="display: block; text-align: right; font-size: 143%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">(UNRWA) <span style="display: block; text-align: right; font-size: 143%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

== ==

<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); text-align: left; display: block;">- Hamas's negotiation to stop firing missiles included the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Hamas <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 110%;"><span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Ehud Olmert <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">, Israeli Prime Minister, states he will not meet up to Hamas's negotiations until an IDF soldier, <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Gilad Shalit <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">, is released <span style="display: block; text-align: left; font-size: 152.1%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Hamas in return wants the release of 1,400 Palestinian prisoners held in Israel <span style="display: block; text-align: left; font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Israel declares a cease-fire on January 18, 2009 and withdraws out of the Gaza Strip in three days media type="youtube" key="zXh83zc1d2w" height="344" width="425"

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">WWI <span style="display: block; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left;">

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">__1914__

 * <span style="line-height: 27px; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);"> <span style="line-height: 27px; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">World war I breaks out and the <span style="line-height: 27px; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Ottoman Empire <span style="line-height: 27px; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> joins Germany against the Allies

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">__1915-1916__
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; display: block; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: left; display: block;">- Arabs side with Allies and sign the <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%; text-align: left; display: block;">Hussein- McMahon Correspondence <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: left; display: block;"> with the British <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 169%; text-align: left; display: block;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 143%; text-align: left; display: block;">- The Correspondence states the independence of Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Jordan and the Arabian Peninsula if the Allies win <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 130%; text-align: left; display: block;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 143%; text-align: left; display: block;"> - Britain also signs the <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 143%; text-align: left; display: block;">Sykes-Picot Agreement <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 143%; text-align: left; display: block;">with France which contradicts the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: left; display: block;"> -Sykes-Picot Agreement would divide Arabian nations between the French and the British if the Allies were victorious <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left;">

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">__1920__
- <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">At the <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">San Remo Conference <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">in Italy, Ottoman controlled Arabic Nations are split between Britain and France



=__**<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); text-align: left; display: block;">WWII **__=
 * <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">The Allies during World War II believe the Middle East might be an area where the Germans might attack
 * <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;">Anticipating the attack, the Allies are right; there is fighting in <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%;">Lebanon <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;">, Syria, Iraq, and Iran

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">__1941__
<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> in Iraq during German advancement in <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Baghdad <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Luftwaffe <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">(German Air force) plane is shot down
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Allies believe the plane had refueled in <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Vichy France <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> (Military ally of Germany), which controlled Lebanon and Syria
 * <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 18.2px; line-height: 19px;">Suspicious since Syria and Lebanon were "neutral" <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 18.2px; line-height: 19px;">
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">The Vichy put up great resistance but were eventually taken over by the Allies

== <span style="text-align: right; display: block; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);"> Iraq == <span style="text-align: right; display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 130%;">

<span style="text-align: right; display: block; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;"> -Iraq is granted independence by Britain under some conditions including the retention of British bases in Iraq <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: right; display: block;"> - British influence in Iraq angers many including prime minister <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%; text-align: right; display: block;">Rashid Ali <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: right; display: block;"> - Iraqi army surround British bases including <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%; text-align: right; display: block;">Basra <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: right; display: block;"> and <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%; text-align: right; display: block;">Habbaniya <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; text-align: right; display: block;"> - The Iraqi force was defeated the British Army who are aided by the Luftwaffe

- Rashid and his supporters flee <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;">

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">__1941__

 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Soviet Union <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> desperately needs supplies for its war against Germany


 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Supplies are sent from a place where capacity is limited and prone to enemy invasion


 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Only option is through Iran but the <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Shah <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">(Iranian Ruler) is pro- Germany and does not allow it


 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">British and Soviet invade and occupy Iran

[[image:textspace_4055869_2effae6e.gif width="614" height="103"]]

 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">MOIP (1959) == ||= <span style="font-size: 126%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- US government establishes Mandatory Oil Import Quota Program ( <span style="font-size: 126%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">MOIP <span style="font-size: 126%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">)

-The MOIP restricts the amount of crude oil and refined products allowed into the Western Hemisphere

-This exclusion depresses oil prices in the Middle East || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> Saudi Arabia and Venezuela form the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">OPEC <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">)
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Formation of OPEC (1961) == ||= <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- In retaliation to MOIP, Iran, Kuwait

- Primary mission is to stabilize oil prices

- The beginning years of OPEC were not very effective ||
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Yom Kippur War (1973) == ||= <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Prices begin to rise due to the <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Yom Kippur War <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

- Arabian uprising against Israel causes war

- Americas help to Israel angers OPEC causing them to boycott oil to America = = <span style="display: block; font-weight: normal; font-size: 90%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"> ||
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">OPEC Embargo (1973) == ||= <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- The decrease in oil production causes prices to increase **(↓supply =↑ demand = ↑prices)**

-Causes a recession due to high prices in nations such as US and other consumers ||
 * = ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Termination of Embargo (1974) == ||= <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Recession causes the US to negotiate

- US says Israel will pull out of Sinai and Golan Heights

- OPEC agrees and removes embargo || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="display: block; font-weight: normal; font-size: 90%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(49, 140, 115); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; display: block; font-weight: normal; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; display: block; font-weight: normal; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">

- <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"><span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Once known as the Heart of the Persian Empire, Iran became an independent state after its fall

-After years of rule under the <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Qajars <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> (ruling family), the Iranians finally wanted a new ruler

-The nationalistic period led to a <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Constitutional Revolution <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> (1905-1911)

- In 1908 the British struck oil in Iran and the power of remaining Qajar shahs were weakened

- A military commander by the name of <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> Reza Khan <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> (1878-1944) overthrew the Qajar dynasty and began the <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Pahlavi Dynasty, <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> which would last from 1925 to 1979



<span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;">- During World War I the country of Iran is occupied by British and Russian forces

- Reza Shah begins to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%;">modernize <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;"> the country during this time period

- The British and the Russians invade Iran and remove Reza Shah from the throne

- His son <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%;">Muhammad Reza <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;"> was then proclaimed Shah of Iran <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Muhammad Reza follows his father's dream of modernizing Iran

- Joins the <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Baghdad Pact <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">and help Iran receive Military and economic aid from the U.S.

- In the early 1960's Reza modernizes the country by introducing economic, political, social, and land reforms known as the <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">White Revolution <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - The growth of Iran's economy grows at a staggering rate

- Vast oil reserves in Iran also helped lead to modernization

- Only helps the wealthy, leaving the majority of the population poor <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;"> - In 1979 After being exiled to France, <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 140%;">Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;">, started to protest against the government <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;"> - Lead to a complete rebellion against the government

-A disagreement between the press and Iranians fires a demonstration as well as Iranian traditional style opposing Shah's modern style

-The several deaths during demonstration angers everybody causing hatred for the Shah

- The Shah was finally overthrown in 1979 and resulted in mass chaos

- Poor Economic and Political conditions now lead to association with terrorist group within the nation, which lowers international support <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

<span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%;">

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- September 22 1980- War begins when Iraq invades Iran <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);"> -Causes of war include: <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> 1) Border disputes between the two nations

<span style="font-size: 132%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> 2) Apprehension of Shiite revolt due to oppression caused by the Iranian Revolution <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

<span style="font-size: 132%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> 3) Assassination attempt on Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

<span style="font-size: 132%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> 4) Shooting at a funeral for students who died in the Iranian Revolution <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> 1) Control over <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Shatt al-Arab Waterway <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Iraqi objectives of invasion include:

2) The three islands of Abu Muse and the Greater and Lesser Tunb's on behalf of the UAE (United Arab Emigrates)

3) Take over and annexation and of <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Khuzestan <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">

4) Overthrow the revolution regime in <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Tehran <span style="font-size: 218.4%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 182%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Of the six Iraqi invasion divisions, four were sent to Khuzestan to cut off the Shatt al-Arab from Iran and establish a security zone
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">The other two were to secure the territory bounded to Khorramshahr-Ahvaz-Susangerd-Musian due to revolt uprisings
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Central front occupied Mehran to block the Tehran invasion

<span style="font-size: 168%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 168%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> <span style="font-size: 218.4%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">
 * [[image:https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-bin/drupal/system/files/saddam-hussein.jpg width="333" height="395" align="right" caption="Sadam Hussein"]]<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Iranians respond by air strikes against important Iraqi targets including oil facilities, dams, petrochemical plants, and a nuclear reactor near Baghdad
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Saddam Hussein(president of Iraq) then declared that 11 Iranian cities would come under attack unless Iran halted their acts of aggression
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Iran responds by launching an attack on northern sector of the front line, and as Saddam had promised attacks on the 11 cities went underway
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">June 1982- Iran gains back most of their territory
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Iraq only gains a small portion of Khuzestan
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">August 20 1988- Iran and Iraq agree to a peace treaty



<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> =<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184); font-size: 120%;">__Current Problems-__ = <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> -Iran is creating nuclear power plants in order to create energy for civilians

-Many international analysts believe that Iran is creating more nuclear materials and they might use these materials to create nuclear bombs

- Iran refuses to stop creating nuclear weaponry <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 110%;"> <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - The U.S. was on the brink of a war with Iran

- <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">George W. Bush <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> tried to negotiate with Iran but failed to come to an agreement

- Problems with Iran are still increasing



<span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- <span style="font-size: 140.4%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Iraq possesses the world's second largest oil reserves <span style="font-size: 156%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- <span style="font-size: 144%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Even today, the war fought in Iraq has much to do with the rich and valuable oil it contains

-The significance of Oil is that it helps to generate the world with energy, as well as helping industries, transportation and many more fields that are essential to the economy of a country <span style="font-size: 129.6%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; display: block; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 108%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; display: block; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Georgia,serif; display: block; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 130.68%; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 142.56%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-The US and UK has long held three-quarters of oil production in Iraq ****<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">before 1972 <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> __1972__ <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Iraqi Ba'thist <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> leadership brings Communism into Iraq after signing the 15-year treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Georgia,serif; display: block; text-align: left;">**<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 168%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As a leader of OPEC, Iraq is very attractive to large international oil companies because: ** <span style="font-size: 99%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 132%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> The oil in Iraq is high quality, therefo <span style="font-size: 145.2%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-weight: normal; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">r <span style="font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-weight: normal; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">e high <span style="font-size: 108.9%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">**<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> in value and price **
 * 2) **<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The huge supply of this oil **
 * 3) **<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The low cost of producing a barrel causes a high profit for companies **

<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Iraq's nationalization of the Iraq Petroleum Company causes the UK and US to lose its position from the oil production it once held ** <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Ever since, the US and UK have been trying to get their hand back into Iraqi oil <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ** =<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Saddam Hussein and WWIII =

<span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> -Throughout the 80's President Saddam Hussein uses Chemical weapons in conflicts

- Many suspected that it would try to make nuclear weapons

1988 - The cease fire agreement with Iran includes the destruction of all the WMD

1998 - UN members that inspect Iraq to prevent the building of weapons are kicked out

2002 - Once again many begin to suspect the building of weapons

- Saddam Hussein does not allow officials to inspect

<span style="font-size: 130.68%; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
**<span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - US invades Iraq because: ** <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 201.6%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

 * 1) <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">" Weapons of Mass Destruction" many believe it has
 * 2) <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 197.588%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The ties it has with Al-Qaeda, a terrorist group that is dangerous the US
 * 3) <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-size: 140%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Regain oil production lost in 1972



<span style="font-size: 130.68%; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(49, 140, 115); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">__Previous Saddam Hussein Conflicts__
<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">__-Kurds__

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> - for decades Kurds wanted their own country -Their original land crosses through three countries Turkey, Iran, Iraq - All of these nation prosecuted the Kurds

1. Turkey : forbidding Kurds to speak their native language

2. Iran: persecute due to different relegion

3. Iraq: -Saddam Hussein drops poisonous gas on Kurds killing 5,000 Eventually in the late 80's UN works to end this harsh treatment

==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">__-Kuwait__ ==

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Saddam Hussein seizes Kuwait oil fields

-Due to its rich oil and the importance of the oil to the US intervenes

- first Embargo is put upon Iraq

- The embargo does not do much causing military assistance from the US (Persian Gulf War)

- USA drives Saddam out

-During Iraq's departure from Kuwait, Saddam burns the oil fields



<span style="font-size: 130.68%; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
**<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">USSR <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> invades and gains control of Afghanistan <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

**

<span style="font-size: 130.68%; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
**<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 128.304%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- The <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 128.304%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mujaheddin <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 128.304%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> want soviets out therefore rebel against them <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 142.56%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- US supports the Mujaheddin against the USSR because of the <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cold War <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> it is fighting against it

**

<span style="font-size: 130.68%; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
**<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - Osama Bin Laden and other Islamists form <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Al-Qaeda <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> to fight off Soviets and others that stand in their way of a pure nation governed by Islam **

<span style="font-size: 156.816%; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Al Qaeda begins to shift its focus on America **<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 142.56%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - It believes the US, a superpower is an obstacle for the formation of a total Islamic nation <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **

<span style="font-size: 130.68%; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
**<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 142.56%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Soviets withdraw from Afghanistan <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-US, ** <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">Pakistan **<span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> USSR and Afghanistan sign a peace accord guaranteeing Afghan independence <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 118.8%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **

<span style="font-size: 130.68%; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
**<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 142.56%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 142.56%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Taliban <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 142.56%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(took over after the Russians) come to power and make strict and extreme Islamic laws **



<span style="font-size: 130.68%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-A bomb hits a US military housing complex near Saudi Arabia killing 19 Americans
 * **1996** ||
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**US military base in Saudi bombed 19 servicemen killed** ==

- US believes alQaeda was involved || || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-A statement signed by Bin Laden calls for the killing of Americans -"individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it".(Osama Bin Laden) ||  || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-More than 220 people are killed when bombs hit the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
 * **22 February, 1998** ||
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**Bin Laden issues fatwa calling for attacks on US citizens** ==
 * **7 August, 1998** ||
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania bombed** ==
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania bombed** ==

- On 20 August US strikes back with air strikes against training camps in Sudan and Afghanistan

- Bin Laden is later accused by a US court for the bombings in East Africa || || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Two suicide attackers ram a boat carrying explosives into the USS Cole in Aden port killing 17 American sailors
 * **12 October, 2000** ||
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**Attack on US warship in Yemen kills 17 sailors** ==
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**Attack on US warship in Yemen kills 17 sailors** ==

- In 2004 six suspected alQaeda militants are charged in connection with the attack by a Yemeni court ||  || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Nineteen alQaeda suspects hijack four planes and fly them into the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington and a field in Pennsylvania || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">
 * **11 September, 2001** ||
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**The worst attack on US soil kills about 3000 people** ==
 * [[image:{a8658a6e-d02e-49e6-a72c-d797a46d7909}.gif width="244" height="180" align="center"]] ||

<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Six weeks later US launches attacks on Afghanistan from where Osama has been operating <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- After the war hundreds of suspected alQaeda fighters are sent to America's base in Guantanamo Bay Cuba where they are held in US custody || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Khalid Sheikh Mohammed thought to be one of alQaeda's most senior leaders is arrested in a joint PakistaniCIA operation near Islamabad
 * **1 March, 2003** ||
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**AlQaeda kingpin captured** ==

- US believes he helped plan the attack on the twin towers || || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> -34 people are killed in a series of bomb attacks in Saudi Arabia's capital Riyadh
 * **12 May, 2003** ||
 * ==**<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Dozens killed in bombing **==
 * ==**<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">Dozens killed in bombing **==

- AlQaeda is the prime suspect in Washington ||  ||

<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Four days before presidential elections in the US, alJazeera TV airs a videotape in which Osama Bin Laden threatens attacks on US
 * **2004** ||
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**Bin Laden video threatens US** ==

- The alQaeda leader says the reasons behind the events of 11 September 2001 still exist || <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">-Pakistan announces it has arrested Libyan alQaeda suspect Abu FarajalLibbi thought to be third person responsible for the 9/11 attacks
 * **2005** ||
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**Pakistan says it has caught alQaedas alleged number three** ==

- US President George Bush describes him as a "major facilitator and chief planner" for alQaeda || || <span style="color: rgb(36, 87, 123);">- Fifty two people die and 700 are injured as bombs explode on three underground trains and one bus in central London
 * **7 July, 2005** ||
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**Rushhour bomb attacks strike the heart of London** ==
 * ==<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**Rushhour bomb attacks strike the heart of London** ==

-Analysts say the attacks linked to or at least inspired by alQaeda  ||

<span style="color: rgb(30, 132, 184);">**19 January, 2006** **Bin Laden offers a long term truce**

 * = <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(36, 87, 123);"> **-** Osama Bin Laden offers the US a "long term truce"

-Offer quickly rejected by the US comes in an audio tape aired by Arabic TV station alJazeera

-The alQaeda leader also warns that new attacks on the US are being planned ||=  ||